What does population genetics study?

Population genetics is a branch of genetics that focuses specifically on the genetic composition of populations and how these compositions change over time due to various factors such as natural selection, genetic drift, and gene flow. By studying gene frequencies, which refers to how common certain genes or alleles are within a population, researchers can gain insights into the evolutionary dynamics and the genetic diversity present within that group.

Understanding the genetic makeup of populations allows scientists to track changes in genetic variation over generations and to make inferences about the population's evolutionary history, adaptation to environmental changes, and potential susceptibility to diseases. The emphasis on populations, rather than individuals, distinguishes population genetics from other branches of genetics that may focus on traits or behaviors of single organisms or specific breeds.

This perspective is essential for fields such as conservation biology, evolutionary biology, and epidemiology, where understanding the genetic structure of populations can lead to better management and conservation strategies.